Internet History

Welcome to the Internet Hall of Fame's Living History Timeline      

The Internet Hall of Fame's Living History Timeline explores the history of the Internet and highlights the inductees who have pioneered Internet technology, contributed to ongoing development and innovation and helped expand the Internet's reach across the globe

1957

 USSR Launches Sputnik USSR Launches Sputnik into space and, with it, global communications.

 

1958

Bell Labs Invents Modem Bell Labs researchers invent the modem (modulator - demodulator), which converts digital signals to electrical (analog) signals and back, enabling communication between computers.

1958

U.S. Government Creates ARPA The United States government creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in response to Sputnik launch.

1961

 Leonard Kleinrock Pioneers Packet-Switching Leonard Kleinrock pioneers the packet-switching concept in his Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) doctoral thesis about queueing theory: Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.



ASCII ALPHABETS

A	1000001	N	1001110
B	1000010	O	1001111
C	1000011	P	1010000
D	1000100	Q	1010001
E	1000101	R	1010010
F	1000110	S	1010011
G	1000111	T	1010100
H	1001000	U	1010101
I	1001001	V	1010110
J	1001010	W	1010111
K	1001011	X	1011000
L	1001100	Y	1011001
M	1001101	Z	1011000

 

1963

 ASCII Is Developed The first universal standard for computers, ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Exchange) is developed by a joint industry-government committee. ASCII permits machines from different manufacturers to exchange data.

1964 — 1967

Paul Baran, Donald Davies Develop Message Blocks/Packet-switching The Rand Corporation's Paul Baran develops message blocks in the U.S., while Donald Watts Davies, at the National Physical Laboratory in Britain, simultaneously creates a similar technology called packet-switching. The technology revolutionizes data communications

1965

Lawrence Roberts & Thomas Marill Create First Wide-area Network

Lawrence Roberts (MIT) and Thomas Marill get an ARPA contract to create the first wide-area network (WAN) connection via long distant dial-up between a TX-2 computer in Massachusetts and a Q-32 computer in California. The system confirms that packet switching offers the most promising model for communication between computers.

1967

ARPAnet Design Begins

Lawrence Roberts leads ARPAnet design discussions and publishes first ARPAnet design paper: "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication."  Wesley Clark suggests the network is managed by interconnected ‘Interface Message Processors’ in front of the major computers. Called IMPs, they evolve into today’s routers.

1968
Bolt Beranek and Newman Wins IMP Development Contract Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) is awarded the ARPA contract to build the Interface Message Processors

1968

UCLA Develops ARPAnet Host Level Protocols

Steve Crocker heads UCLA Network Working Group under Professor Leonard Kleinrock to develop host level protocols for ARPAnet communication in preparation for becoming the first node.  The group, which includes Vint Cerf and Jon Postel, lays the foundation for protocols of the modern Internet.

1969
IMP Network Links First Four Nodes The physical Interface Message Processor (IMP) network is constructed, linking four nodes: University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah.

1973

            TCP/IP Protocol Development Begins Development begins on what will eventually be called TCP/IP protocol by a group headed by Vint Cerf (Stanford) and Robert Kahn (DARPA). The new protocol will allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other.

 1974
            Bolt Beranek and Newman Founds Telenet Lawrence Roberts helps Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) found Telenet, the first public packet data service, a commercial version of ARPAnet.

 

1989

Tim Berners-Lee Creates WWW

At CERN, the European Physical Laboratory, Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web. Robert Cailliau is a key proponent of the project, and helps Berners-Lee author a proposal for funding.  Later, Cailliau develops, along with Nicola Pellow, the first web browser for the Mac OS operating system.

 1990
            Linus Torvalds Creates Linux Linus Torvalds creates Linux and becomes a leading supporter of Open Source software.

1991

World Wide Web Opens to Public

The World Wide Web is made available to the public for the first time on the Internet. 

1993

NCSA Releases Mosaic Browser

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) releases the Mosaic browser, which helps popularize the World Wide Web among the general public.

2012
            Internet Society Founds Internet Hall of Fame The Internet Society founds the Internet Hall of Fame and the first 33 members are inducted in a ceremony in Geneva, Switzerland.



For detail information,please surf on
http://www.historyofthings.com/history-of-the-internet
http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet
http://www.internethalloffame.org/internet-history/timeline

XML

What is XML?

• XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language
• XML is a markup language much like HTML
• XML was designed to carry data, not to display data
• XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags
• XML is designed to be self-descriptive
• XML is a W3C Recommendation

Learn XML Tutorial 

PART 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgZVAznwX38

PART 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_44DPLiCFa0

PART 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZNwte5MZaY

PART 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYHMqvARNkA

The Difference Between XML and HTML

XML is not a replacement for HTML.

XML and HTML were designed with different goals:

• XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is
• HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data looks

HTML is about displaying information, while XML is about carrying information.

HTML	XML
For display	for data stucture
no knowledge of data	presentatation independent
standard	open language
case sensitive	case sensitive

 

With XML You Invent Your Own Tags

The tags in the example above (like <to> and <from>) are not defined in any XML standard. These tags are "invented" by the author of the XML document.

That is because the XML language has no predefined tags.

The tags used in HTML are predefined. HTML documents can only use tags defined in the HTML standard (like <p>, <h1>, etc.).

XML allows the author to define his/her own tags and his/her own document structure.

(Unicode) character

By definition, an XML document is a string of characters. Almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document.

Processor and application

The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application. The specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor (as the specification calls it) is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser.

Markup and content

The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character & and end with a ;. Strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <![CDATA[ and ]]> are classified as markup, while the text between them is classified as content. In addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup.

Tag

A markup construct that begins with < and ends with >. Tags come in three flavors:

• start-tags; for example: <section>
• end-tags; for example: </section>
• empty-element tags; for example: <line-break />

Element

A logical document component which either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag. The characters between the start- and end-tags, if any, are the element's content, and may contain markup, including other elements, which are called child elements. An example of an element is<Greeting>Hello, world.</Greeting> (see hello world). Another is <line-break />.

What is an XML Element?

An XML element is everything from (including) the element's start tag to (including) the element's end tag.

An element can contain:

• other elements
• text
• attributes
• or a mix of all of the above...

<bookstore>
  <book category="CHILDREN">
    <title>Harry Potter</title>
    <author>J K. Rowling</author>
    <year>2005</year>
    <price>29.99</price>
  </book>
  <book category="WEB">
    <title>Learning XML</title>
    <author>Erik T. Ray</author>
    <year>2003</year>
    <price>39.95</price>
  </book>
</bookstore>

In the example above, <bookstore> and <book> have element contents, because they contain other elements. <book> also has an attribute (category="CHILDREN"). <title>, <author>, <year>, and <price> have text content because they contain text.

Attribute

A markup construct consisting of a name/value pair that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag. In the example (below) the element img has two attributes, src and alt:

<img src="madonna.jpg" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael'/>

Another example would be

<step number="3">Connect A to B.</step>

where the name of the attribute is "number" and the value is "3".

An XML attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. In the common situation where a list of multiple values is desired, this must be done by encoding the list into a well-formed XML attribute with some format beyond what XML defines itself. Usually this is either a comma or semi-colon delimited list or, if the individual values are known not to contain spaces,a space-delimited list can be used.

<div class="inner greeting-box" >Hello!</div>

where the attribute "class" has both the value "inner greeting-box", indicating the CSS class names "inner" and "greeting-box".

XML declaration

XML documents may begin by declaring some information about themselves, as in the following example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

What is XML Used For?

XML is one of the most widely-used formats for sharing structured information today: between programs, between people, between computers and people, both locally and across networks.

A short example:

<part number="1976">
  <name>Windscreen Wiper</name>
  <description>The Windscreen wiper
    automatically removes rain
    from your windscreen, if it
    should happen to splash there.
    It has a rubber <ref part="1977">blade</ref>
    which can be ordered separately
    if you need to replace it.
  </description>
</part>

XML Does Not DO Anything

Maybe it is a little hard to understand, but XML does not DO anything. XML was created to structure, store, and transport information.

The following example is a note to Tove, from Jani, stored as XML:

XML Document Example

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<note>

    <to>Tove</to>

    <from>Jani</from>

    <heading>Reminder</heading>

    <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

</note>

Webpages are written in HTML - a simple scripting language.

HTML is short for HyperText Markup Language.

• Hypertext is simply a piece of text that works as a link.



• Markup Language is a way of writing layout information within documents.

Basically an HTML document is a plain text file that contains text and nothing else. When a browser opens an HTML file, the browser will look for HTML codes in the text and use them to change the 

• layout, 
• insert images
• create links to other pages and you can make your own Website.

Since HTML documents are just text files they can be written in even the simplest text editor.

A more popular choice is to use a special HTML editor - maybe even one that puts focus on the visual result rather than the codes - a so-called WYSIWYG editor ("What You See Is What You Get").

Some of the most popular HTML editors, such as FrontPage or Dreamweaver will let you create pages more or less as you write documents in Word or whatever text editor you're using.

http://www.echoecho.com/htmlbasics.htm
http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_basic.asp

#TUTORIAL 1#

~Basically HTML webpage have  page stucture 

~PAGE STRUCTURE HTML consist of

1. Head-do not show directly on the page
2. Body -are shown directly on the page

Finally, all webpages have an <html> tag at the beginning and </html> the end, telling the browser where the document starts and where it stops.

For example..the basic coding ,

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading<?h1>
<p>My First paragraph.<p/>

</body>

</html>

the result show like this->

My First Heading

 My First paragraph.

#TUTORIAL2 #

how to make different kinds of bulleted lists. You have the following bullet options: disc circle square

#TUTORIAL3 #

 how to make different kinds of numbered lists.

You have the following number options:

• Plain numbers


• Capital Letters


• Small Letters


• Capital Roman Numbers


• Small Roman Numbers

#TUTORIAL4 #

how to make a link.

The tags used to produce links are the <a> and </a>. 

The <a> tells where the link should start and the </a> indicates where the link ends.

Everything between these two will work as a link.

The target of the link is added to the <a> tag using 
the href="http://www.whateverpage.com" setting.

For example..the coding ,

<html>
<body>
<p>
<a href="#C4">See also Chapter 4.</a>
</p>

<h2>Chapter 1</h2>
</body>
</html>

the result show like this->

See also Chapter 4.

Chapter 1

This explains .......

#TUTORIAL5#

how to put an image.

For example..the coding ,

<html>

<body>

<p>

An image:

<img src="http://www.kelownarealestate.com/Docs/COL504Docs/Submit/House_Moving.jpg" alt="Smiley face" width="32"

height="32" />

</p>

<p>

A moving image:

<img src="http://www.netanimations.net/Moving-picture-green-skeleton-animated-gif.gif"alt="Computer man"

width="48" height="48"/>

</p>

<p>

Note that the syntax of inserting a moving image

is no different from a non-moving image

</p>

</body>

</html>

the result show like this->

 An image:
A moving image:
Note that the syntax of inserting a moving image is no different from a non-moving image 

#TUTORIAL6 #

how to make a table

Tables are defined with the <table> tag

For example..the coding ,


<html>
<body>

<h4>Without cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
  <td>First</td>
  <td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>Second</td>
  <td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With cellpadding:</h4>
<Table border="1"
cellpadding="10">
<tr>
 <td>First</td>
 <td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>Second</td>
 <td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>

</html>

the result show like this->

Without cellpadding:

First	Row
Second	Row

With cellpadding:

First	Row
Second	Row

Row _ _ _ and Column -

                                                  -

                                                  -

You can divide rows into columns with <td> and </td> tags

<h4>Without cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1">

<tr>
  <td>First</td>
  <td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>Second</td>
  <td>Row</td>
</tr>

To add rows to your table use the <tr> and </tr> tags.

<h4>Without cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1">

<tr>
  <td>First</td>
  <td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>Second</td>
  <td>Row</td>
</tr>

Without cellpadding:

First	Row
Second	Row

1. To begin a maple session on the PCs in the Mathematics Computer Lab (rooms AB 3–333, 3–335, 3–337), click through the sequence:Start > Programs > Maple 15 > Maple 15
   
2. To end a maple session: click on the X in the upper right corner of the maple window.
3. To run a Maple tutorial or get Maple help,Help > Maple Help 
   or
   Help > Take a Tour of Maple 
   or
   Help > Quick Help 
   or
   Help > Quick Reference
   
4. Note: The Maple prompt is usually a > symbol.
5. For help during a Maple session, click the Help button, or enter> ?index 
   > ?command 
   where command can be, as examples
   
   

   
   

   > ?plot 

   > ?factor 

   > ?trig 

   > ?simplify 

   > ?expand 

   > ?Digits 

   > ?evalf 

   > ?combine 

   > ?limit 

   
   

   ---

   Basic Arithmetic Operations
   

   	+ addition		* multiplication __ 2 times x+1 is 2*(x+1), not 2(x+1)
   	- subtraction		/ division
   	^ exponentiation